Summary Analyse and Response from Fighting Words

Bruno Asobo Instructor Budd Eng. 111 24 -08-2013 From Fighting Words In his essay â€Å"from Fighting Words† Richard Wright wrote about words used specifically to incite violence. Wright was interesting to discover what was hiding in this written indictment from H.L Mencken that lot readers in that moment disagree. In relation to Wright words can be used as a powerfully weapon. Wright demonstrated that courage is the main factor for using fighting words. The first suggestion Wright presented was in the bank lobby stood at the counter and took a Memphis Mencken whose was editor of the American Mercury. But Wright was novice about him. The article was a serious blame regarding H.L Mencken. Wright was concerning about this accusation and†¦show more content†¦In spite of the fact that Richard Wright was fighting with the words the concept of racism still affecting young Black Men growning up in the World, so there is nothing can be done because is something differences such as in marriage, place of leaving, school , and churches. As I listed above it is something hard to consume. There is a lot hypocrisy in people position , but with globalization we don’t a choice if not collaborated toShow MoreRelatedREPORT COVER SHEET Surname: Cadena Alvarado Given name: Mario Alejandro Class:1800 Words   |  8 PagesChain Management Lecturer: Min Qiu Word count: Tittle: Report Amazon Case Study Due date 16th of May 2014 DECLARATION I am aware of university policy on Academic conduct (published on Moodle) and I declare that this assignment is my own work entirely and that suitable acknowledgement has been made for any sources of information used in preparing it. I have retained a hard copy for my records. Table of Contents Report Amazon Case Study Executive Summary †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. 1 IntroductionRead MoreThe Ethical Considerations Of Quantitative And Qualitative Research Methods3706 Words   |  15 Pagesnature and validity of quantitative and qualitative research methods. I will also be demonstrating skills in critical analysis of methods of data collection and selection of appropriate methods to informing future working practice. I will also be analyse the ethical considerations in relation to the development and undertaking of research. According to Depoy and Gittin, research is a way individuals think about problems in systematic way. 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Essay about The Value of Life in Plato’s Cave and the...

Plato’s Cave and the Divided Lines People must learn the value of life and the difference between living a dream and making your dreams come true. Being considered a father in western philosophy, Plato presented the Divided Line and Plato’s Cave to show the differences between the intelligent and visible world people live in; as the visible world being a world of one’s own reflections and shadowing’s, while the intelligent world is about the mind and thoughts. Plato uses a complex dialogue of Socrates to show, in a significant manner, that everything you see physically isn’t really what it seems. You must use the four segments in order to have full knowledge. The four segments, which are labeled letters A through E, come from the†¦show more content†¦Socrates continues the topic by having Glaucon imagining one of the prisoners becoming free from his restraints, the prisoner stands, moves and looks around to the sight of the fire used to sho w the puppets from behind the restraint prisoners which causes his eyes to hurt. The prisoner would later on in the dialogue go outside into the light which overwhelms his vision. The prisoners’ eyes slowly adjust to the sunlight to which he sees everything then later claims the sun to be the giver of the seasons and guardian of what’s visible. Plato shows that once people who are trapped in their own imaginary prisons become free minded; they become happier and see themselves worth more then what they had originally thought. Having their minds opened helps them find the truth especially things they never knew existed. The dialogue goes on with Socrates then mentioning the former prisoner thinking about his old home and prisoners as well, and begins to feel bad for them which cause him to return to the cave. His eyesight however due to the sunlight makes it unable to make out the shadows of the puppets causing the other prisoners to laugh at him, claiming he spoiled hi s eyes. The other prisoners simply did not even think about freeing themselves unless it were to kill the prisoner thatShow MoreRelatedHow the Divided Line Relates with the Cave and Light of Sun Essay1291 Words   |  6 PagesIn one of Plato’s most famous three analogies, that of the divided line, which was perfectly, rather clarified in the book The Republic. It is one of the most articulate stories. Plato brought out these models of truth, knowledge, and the natural world of truth along his analogy of the divided line. However, Plato’s analogies are over 1900 years old, I believe but they can still play a big role in today’s world. Plato believes that his manner of knowledge produced in his divided line, can be a significantRead MoreEssay about Platos Allegory of the Cave1305 Words   |  6 PagesPlato’s â€Å"Allegory of the Cave† is the most significant and influential analogy in his book, The Republic. This thorough analogy covers many of th e images Plato uses as tools throughout The Republic to show why the four virtues, also known as forms, are what create good. The â€Å"Allegory of the Cave†, however, is not one of the simplest representations used by Plato. Foremost, to comprehend these images such as the â€Å"divided line† or Plato’s forms, one must be able to understand this allegory and allRead MorePlato And St. Augustine1090 Words   |  5 Pages Plato suggested that values such as justice and right conduct are absolute and beyond the realm of subjective viewpoints. One of his arguments against moral relativism is that it is logically unsound. Plato proposed a multi-layered existence. There is the world of sensory perception, which includes the physical realities of existence. Plato argued for a higher level of being that he understood as a world of forms, ideas or concepts. Plato argued that conduct comes from a reference to this worldRead More Comparing Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy and Platos The Republic1503 Words   |  7 Pagesbroad sense of the word and also stated in the dictionary philosophy can be described as the pursuit of human knowledge and human values. There are many different people with many different theories of knowledge. Two of these people, also philosophers, in which this paper will go into depth about are Descartes and Plato. Descartes Meditations on First Philosophy and Platos The Repu blic are the topics that are going to be discussed in this paper. In Meditations, Descartes brings doubt to everythingRead MorePlato s Teachings Of Philosophy1487 Words   |  6 Pagesphilosophers. He was born into a wealthy and very noble family in the Athens. In the midst of preparation for his life long career as a politician, the young Plato witnessed the trial and eventual execution of Socrates. Little did he or anyone know this would ultimately lead him to completely abandon his political career and become one of the world’s most distinguished philosophers. Although Plato’s teachings are not universally agreed upon, virtually anyone can agree that that he was a brilliant thinkerRead MorePlato And Aristotle s View On Knowledge Essay1297 Words   |  6 Pagesquestions the significance of knowledge to human nature, regarding knowledge’s definition, acquisition, branches, and value. Major role models in the foundation of philosophy - specifically, in this essay, Plato and Aristotle - obsess over the significance of kno wledge and its importance to and relationship with the development of human beings and their mindsets. 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The History Of Malignant Melanoma Health And Social Care Essay Free Essays

The tegument is the largest organ of the human organic structure. It protects us from heat, sunshine, hurt to the internal organic structure and infections. There are 3 types of tegument malignant neoplastic diseases ; there is Basal cell, Squamous cell and Malignant Melanoma. We will write a custom essay sample on The History Of Malignant Melanoma Health And Social Care Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Malignant melanoma is a malignant tumour, the deadliest type of skin malignant neoplastic disease. Malignant melanoma starts to organize from melanocytes and so starts a growing formation on the tegument. On rare juncture Cam melanomas occur in the eyes, meninxs, and the mucous membrane in different locations. All melanomas normally are strong pigmented and have an early consequence to distribute to your variety meats and castanetss. Malignant melanoma is found and both me and adult females. In work forces melanomas are found between shoulders and the hips caput and cervix, and in adult females melanomas are found on weaponries and legs Over the past three decades the incidence of malignant melanoma has increased and is one of the fastest turning malignant neoplastic diseases than any other. Malignant melanoma is more popular now than of all time and can no longer be classified as rare. Melanoma is now one of the more common tumours of any malignant tumour. In 1980 there were 1 in 250 people whom would go affected with melanoma presently 1 in 87 people are at hazard and the twelvemonth 2000 1 in 75 people will develop malignant melanoma. Malignant melanoma is usually found among the white population. Worldwide the incidence of melanoma are increasing particularly in lighter skin people chiefly because lighter skinned people lack melanin in their tegument, and their exposure to sun light makes it worse on the tegument. The incidence in Central Europe reported 10 to 15 instances to 100,000 caput population a twelvemonth. And in the United States 15 to 25 instances. Australia has the highest incidence rates at 50 to 60 instances per 100,000 per twelvemonth. With Asiatic and Africans with pigmented tegument melanomas are rare in that portion of the universe although ; if there were any instances or are any instances melanomas will ever be located at the mucous membrane, on the thenar of the custodies or the colloidal suspensions of the pess. ( Garbe, Terheyden, Keiholz, Hauschild and Keiholz 2008 ) Although malignant melanoma is non that common with kids and stripling less than 20 old ages of age, there have been an addition in incidence at least 2 % of instances was reported. At least 76 % of stripling and kids of the United States aging in groups 15 to 19 old ages of age. It said that Australia have the highest in instances 10 million of stripling and kids runing in 0 to 14 old ages of age group than anyplace in the universe that have melanoma. There are predisposing facts on malignant melanoma ; nevertheless the chief causes of malignant melanoma are non certain. The states that have the most sun exposure are the states that have the highest incidence. It has been reported in the past that two major fact that people come into contact with melanoma is because of excessively much exposure and base on your tegument type. But fact is the people who are less open and spends more clip within indoor environments are more at hazard every bit good, people with different tegument types. There are two skin types, tegument type 1 are people who ever burn and ne’er sunburn and at hazards of tan and at hazards for developing skin malignant neoplastic disease, and skin type 2 are people who frequently burn and sometimes sunburns are at hazard as they continue on tanning. Anyone can hold melanoma including dark skinned certain people are at higher hazard. Patient who are transplant patients and who have an immunodeficiency syndrome are at higher hazard besides. Most of these people are bluish eyed and blue-eyed with lentigos. Peoples who are exposed to UV visible radiation such as indoor Sun tanning are the people who show important marks of melanoma. Melanoma besides can run in the household. Having untypical moles can increase your hazard of malignant melanoma. ( Wheeler 2009 ) ( Coomer 2005 ) Signs and symptoms of malignant melanoma are a alteration in a mole or other skin growings, such as a birth grade. Any mole or clamber growing or nevus that changes colourss, form and size can be ruled out to be melanoma. Malignant melanoma can turn around in a mole or birth grade that is already lasting on the organic structure, and can besides turn on unmarked tegument, melanomas can look anyplace on the organic structure. Most common topographic point melanomas grow is the upper back in work forces and in adult females besides on the legs of adult females. Most melanomas are irregular shaped, normally about 6mm or larger with a lumpy or rounded lodger that may go crusty, seeping or shed blooding which will do the melanoma stick to vesture and besides itching. ( webMD ) Most physicians diagnosed malignant melanoma by skin scrutiny and tegument biopsy. The physicians or nurses will carry on a full organic structure analyze seeking all possible country including moles, nevuss and other pigmented country besides looking for unnatural colour, size, form or texture utilizing the ABCDE Lesion appraisal system, A-Geometrical Asymmetry in two axes, B- Irregular broader, C- more than two different colourss appears in the lesion, D- Maximum Diameter of more than 6mm and E- Elevation of the lesion, besides by utilizing the Glasgow seven point cheque list. This is separated by major characteristics and minor characteristics. With major characteristics change in size of lesion, irregular pigmentation and irregular boundary line, and the minor characteristics will dwell of redness itching, lesion that are greater than 6mm and the seeping crusting of the lesion. Performing a biopsy, done by a diagnostician, is so they can analyze tissue specimen for malignant neop lastic disease cells under microscopic position. If tissue consequences are malignant so farther notice of proving will be done, depending on what phase of melanoma is present forecast will be told. ( Hodgett 2011 ) There are different phases of malignant melanoma ; phase I, II, III, IV and the forecasts are different in each phase. The procedure of melanoma spread quickly to other parts of the organic structure, go forthing the forecast hard to find. Melanoma starts with phase 0, in this phase melanoma is in situ which means that the melanoma is in the cuticle and hasn A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢t spread to the dermis country yet, this phase can besides be called the Clark degree. In phase 0 a biopsy will be performed, to take the affected country. If melanoma is found before in this phase the forecast rate in phase 0 melanoma is 99.9 % , with some medicine. ( Cancer.gov ) In article diary Cancer Nursing Practice, 2011 graph box 3 Melanoma presenting provinces that ; Stage I invasive melanoma less than 2mm non-ulcerated tumours. Patients with phase I tumours have a great forecast. Stage II of melanoma which is called high hazard melanoma is when the melanomas are more than 2mm in thickness and has ulcerations ; the forecast at this point is 5 old ages survival with 45 to 78 per centum. Phase III Regional Metastasis, at this phase melanomas have spread to the lymph node and affected the environing country, with no distant spreading. The forecast gets worse at this phase go forthing the people whom have a five twelvemonth endurance rate to 70 per centum. At phase IV distant metastasis, melanomas have so spread throughout the organic structure impacting the lungs, encephalon and liver the forecast rate is really hapless at this phase there is a 6-9 per centum of endurance. Melanoma can be cured, if person catches the melanoma in early phase and is treated right off when melanomas are at the cuticle and has non invaded any environing tissues, castanetss and variety meats. If melanoma is caught tardily in the procedure there are interventions that can depend on life span. The intervention of malignant melanoma in some instances will take up to a surgical remotion of the affected tegument. There are four types of processs, that includes local deletion a remotion of the full melanoma along with the broader, broad local deletion is a surgery that removes more of the tissues that is environing the existent melanoma and some lymph nodes, A lymph node dissection is a surgery that removes lymph nodes to see if malignant neoplastic disease cell are present or if the lymph node have malignant neoplastic disease, and Sentinel lymph node biopsy is a surgery that removes the lymph nodes that malignant neoplastic disease have spread to from the tumour. Treatment is besides based on phases of melanoma, if in advanced phases of melanoma the clinical rating will include chemotherapy, radiation therapy for castanetss, spinal cord and encephalon, and immunotherapy. Depending on age and wellness issues some of the side effects can take up to sickness and purging particu larly with chemotherapy ( webMD ) . After happening out you have been diagnosed with melanoma can take a toll on your life and the lives of other who will be taking attention of you for the remaining of life. The life styles and environments factors alterations after diagnosings. Harmonizing to care sheet Evidence-Based Care Sheet: Melanoma: Appraisal for Psychological Adjustment for inside informations on the benefits of timely appraisal for psychological accommodation it states that in every phase of malignant melanoma an person will necessitate or be in psychological emphasis and more attending will be needed for those who have advanced melanoma. It can besides diminish your energy, affected physical visual aspect and sex life, and decreased your outlook, increases hurting. The idea of an person with melanoma deceasing can take person to be angry, disquieted, self-destructive, and anxiousness. But there are healthy lifestyle picks that can come into life longer by ; eating healthier nutrients, fruits and veggies, no smoke, no imbibing intoxicant, exerting on a regular footing. In decision melanoma can impact anyone, and the forecast of malignant melanoma is really hapless, and the incidence of this malignant neoplastic disease is lifting we need to be more educated on this disease and how we can protect the tegument that amp ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s protecting us. Be more careful with tanning cause it may take up to melanoma. How to cite The History Of Malignant Melanoma Health And Social Care Essay, Essay examples

Business Perception To Learn The Art of Operating System Auditing

Question: Discuss about the Aim of assessing the adequate amount of security can be provided by synchronization of networks in the banking sector and banking networks? Answer: Aim: The aim of the current research work is to assesto what extent can a synchronized networked data centre provide the security needs in a banking environment. Objectives: The main objectives of the current study are Investigation of network security issues in banks. Proposing a security model to overcome security threats in synchronized networks. Detailed presentation of the model (Pinning Synchronization of Networks of Networks). Introduction: In the daily activity there has been an increase in the data communication networks which serves wide range of organizations such as banks, insurance companies, building societies, government departments etc.(Waleed, et al. 2014). In many of these networks the security of data handled is clearly of great importance. It is an estimated figure that approximately 2,500 banks were having websites and the current public focus is on internet. But the greatest issue with this internet usage is the security breakdown(Kjell J. 2006). The infrastructure of a network involves various components such as geographically distributed data sources, storage systems, computational resources and databases. This acts as a unified integrated resource. Due to this complexity of the infrastructure security problems become a complex and urgent undertaking for the network applications. In todays environment 512 bit RSA has become vulnerable to attacks and no more secure. The 512 bit RSA used predominantly in banking sectors. But according to studies, the usefulness of this particular (Karuta et al. 2011). But after 2010, RSA-768 was as factored in 2010, the application of RSA-512 is still used for the signing purposes in banking security systems (Theophilos, et al. 2013). In order to secure vital data, information and financial transaction in virtual networks a broad study is required to assess the effects and draw a proper security plan (Karuta et al. 2011). Need for security As the network security has become and urgent security issue, the first thing to be kept in mind is that security protocols will protect the data which is encrypted and the devices which are used to access those data. The second thing which should be kept in mind is that the data is actually protected from any kind of security breach through proper security measure. The goal of any networks or systems security is to provide legitimate users an easy access and to prevent users with no proper privileges. Below are the various levels of security Threats: User Threats: Failure of authentication or authorization of users may lead to user threats mostcommon among this is hackers. Mediator Threats: These threats normally occur due to insecure service level communication. When the user and service or resource provider communicate there is chance of mediator threat. Service Provider Attack: When the particular job is submitted by the respective user, the service provider, then accept the job and precess it. The service provider after completing the job process, send back the result to that particular user with a sound quality of service (Mirchev, 2013). These services threats are a kind of threats composed of malicious input like malicious code or malware (Kjell, 2006). Networks' basic security requirements As the use of internet is increasing in our daily life the security of the data is of utmost importance. Various methods of encryption and decryption were used to transfer data over network. Encryption is mainly done for highly secured data such as in bank transactions, military etc. These encryption methods are mainly of two types that are symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric key encryption also called private key encryption whereas asymmetric key is a combination of both public and private keys. The public key is announced to the public and private key is kept by the receiver(Kevin, et al.2014). Information security: Confidentiality, integrity and authentication are main terms associated with security in a network. It is a known fact that authentication of any data helps to identify the entire entity in a system. It is very much important to maintain the confidentiality, as vital secret information is associated with the encryption. Proper protection should be taken for the authorization and modification of the important data is done through the process called integrity (Banks, Bowman and Casely, 2010) Authentication: At the entry point of the network system there should be an authentication mechanism. Authentication is verifying the identity of an entity in a network. An entity can be a user, resource provider or service provider. Access or Authorization of the user: The user of the system or facility should be able to transmit data. After transmission of certain data. It is important that the user also receives data against to the transmitted data. This whole process is done through a network resource (Baral, 2010). Security Risk Categories Broadly speaking the risks in the banking systems were divided into four types. They are Unauthorized system or data access by banks business users. Unauthorized system or data access by customers. Unauthorized system or data access by system or application support personnel. Unauthorized system or data access by public. (Patrick andJohn, 1998) So based on these the security requirements vary for each type of user such as for support personnel, Access or Authorization of the user: The user of the system or facility should be able to transmit data. After transmission of certain data. It is important that the user also receives data against to the transmitted data. This whole process is done through a network resource. Confidentiality of the identity: This aspect of the security system helps to make a certain information in a network kept as a private and secret substance. This authentication of information can be achieved by encryption. Authentication of the user: Authenticating and verifying of a particular identity or entity in a network should be done. An entity generally is the user. Sometimes the entity can also be the resource provider or the service provider. Integrity of the system: The process of sending information and receiving particular data in the transit process should not be modified (Kuzlu and Pipattanasompom, 2013). Nonrepudiation: Generator of the message cannot deny the message sent. This is useful for both legal and commercial reasons(Fasee, et al. 2011). Literature Review: Nowadays networks exist everywhere and each network is typically composed of nodes and edges representing individuals in a network and connections among them respectively. Watts and Strogatzproposed the scale free and small world complex network models.Nowadays tens of thousands of nodes were included in complex huge networks. This complex huge network usually forms many clusters which are regarded as sub network of networks. In the nature synchronization is one of the most typical collective behaviour, it has gained importance since the great work of Pecora and Carroll and their potential use in secure communications. The recent real world complex networks consist of large number of nodes compared to simple coupled networks. So the research on synchronization has gained phase and a detailed study is carried out in use of synchronization in various large scale complex networks with network topology. A master stability function method was used to investigate local synchronization, based on this the results were obtained for global synchronization of complex networks(Kjell J. 2006). The work by Rajesh depicts that mainly there are two types of synchronization methods which are the clustered and the pinning synchronization respectively. Synchronization of nodes In a cluster manner is called cluster synchronization, In this process the nodes are categorized according to different properties in clusters (Al Lawati and Ali, 2015). In other hand, Synchronization pinning control is the method which focuses on pinning in each sub network small fraction. In this method each set of sub networks is pinned according to their own vital properties (Kiran et al. 2010). The research work by Rinat and Ahmedgives the detailed functionality of pinning synchronization on networks of networks and its advantages. These afvantages are highlighted below, In pinning synchronization there will not be any centralized leader from which in the whole network a fraction of nodes can receive the same information. Pinning synchronization on network of networks new framework is very robust to deliberate attacks. Suppose in the sub-networks if some nodes and leaders are attacked, still the whole network is able to synchronize(Rinat and Ahmed 2000). We know that if the network is not synchronized by itself it is quite difficult to apply controllers on all nodes. In complex networks pinning controls were investigated to save control costs. Pinning control is nothing but applying controllers on small fraction of nodes for the network to synchronize(Rajesh, et al. 2013). Pinning Control Disadvantages: It is difficult to control some nodes using the same information from the centralized leader as pinning controls are applied on a small fraction of nodes. When it is compared to the actual leader, virtual leader is very much abstract and different in terms of master salve settings or the leader follower. The total information about the concerning fact, there is a gray area between the actual and virtual leader. So if there is any problem, it is not possible to differentiate between the actual and virtual leader. Another aspect is that the tracking of the virtual and actual leader is not possible with this method (Kraus, 2010). Pinning control is very much prone to deliberate attacks. If a single node affected, the attack spreads through the other nodes as well. As a result the virus attack or network attack keeps spreading regardless of any diagnosis process. It is very much difficult to Diagnose each node in order to remove the threats. suppose if even one node is affected there is a mess of whole network. (Anudeep, et al.2013) The recent studies mainly focus on network of networks such as phase synchronization of small world networks and cluster synchronization of networks. So the current research proposal focuses on pinning synchronization of networks of networks and its controller limitations. Experimental Methodology: In the current study pinning synchronization on network of networks is used as an experimental method. It can be seen from Figure 1 that in the global leaders network some leaders are coupled together based on their neighbouring nodes and communicate through a local distributed protocol. There can be several sub-networks which are inter connected and can receive information from leaders network while in the followers network the leaders wont receive information from the sub-networks. With respect to the modern concepts of network, each node with respect to each network can be established of its own and the edges from each connection between these networks (Watters et al. 2012) For example if there is a network containing m sub-networks with N nodes in each sub-network with M leaders the nodes that receive information are represented as k= 1,2,.......,m. Pinning Synchronization is derived using the expression, supposeM identical leaders with linearly diffusive coupling in a complex network is described as (Wyn L. 1988) As per the literature with a linearly diffusive coupling the complex dynamic network consists of N identical nodes and is represented by the formula Where i(t) = (i1(t), i2(t), . . . , in(t))T Rnis the stat vector of the ith node, f:Rn Rn is a continuously differentiable vector function, Cis the coupling strength, Ifj0 then two nodes can communicate through the jth state, and j= 0 represents they cannot communicate. Through the use of The Laplacian matrix we can determine and assess matrix representations. Through this particular equation, spectral Bi-Partitioning Algorithm can be constituted. As discussed earlier that to build a stout security system, composing proper algorithms are very much important. In order to produce such logarithms The Laplacian matrix is therefore used. We all know that at times it is seen, that synchronization may not reach networks by the desired time. To assess this problem, some selective controllers were applied to a small function. These functions were constituted through the help of The Laplacian matrix. The pinning controller can be described through the derivatives of equations mentioned below, (Wyn L. 1988) (LU, Renquan, et al. 2014) Figure 1: A Structural model of networks of networks Many real systems often have a community structure, like banking sectors. In this figure, a community network is shown where networks of networks with pinning control are demonstrated. In this case, multilayer networks are included where networks of networks are comprised of a set of leaders and followers. The leaders and followers are all dependent on each other. Discussion and Conclusion: The network infrastructure consists of a number of entities that have to be authenticated such as resources, services and users. In any network, authorization and access control are of vital importance. The goal of network security is to make its infrastructure seamless and protect it from security attacks both known and unknown. The issue of managing security of users and resources is most challenging for the network where the storage, computational and resources are dynamic, heterogeneous and multi-organizational in nature. So a comprehensive analysis of networks security and countermeasures is required for this collective study. So using this current framework, we can design a networking system which is more secure. Authentication and privacy prospect of this model will help to maintain the security level for each set of the network setup (Wang and Liu 2011). The framework which is designed can be implemented in order to user restriction and network privacy. The networks of networ ks pinning control model will help to restrict and overcome deliberate threats which are not possible in current used technologies. This system will also allow to fight back the threat and restrict in a small locus by not letting it to spread in corresponding and related networks (Wang and Liu 2011). Attack and robustness of pinning synchronization The original pinning synchronization scheme has a serious big drawback for deliberate attacks, in which some nodes or edges are removed from the network. In the older framework, if one node or virtual leader is attacked the whole network is insecure. By using the newer framework that is pinning synchronization on complex network of networks, this problem can be fully solved. Based on the three kinds of nodes that is leaders, pinning controlled nodes and uncontrolled nodes the attacks can be done as follows: 1) Attack on Leader This is the most important criteria in the current framework. If the network is not satisfied under the attack the whole network may not synchronize. 2) Attack on controlled and uncontrolled nodes Synchronization may not be reached in several sub-networks if there is an attack on controlled and uncontrolled nodes. The other networks which are not attacked can achieve synchronization and which does not result in cascading failure of the whole network. Simulation Examples Some of the examples from the previous studies where shown for verifying the theoretical analysis. Considering the two different cases with total five leaders with two leaders network whereT- is an identity matrix. Figure 2: Showing fully connected and the other is tree style networks. Synchronization can be achieved even after attack on one of the leaders of the fully connected network because rest of the four leaders are fully connected and can be synchronizable. The figure 3 shows the error states on deliberate attack. (LU, Renquan, et al. 2014) Figure 3: Showing the fully connected network with error states. (LU, Renquan, et al. 2014)Figure 4: Showing the network with tree style leaders and their error states. However in the tree style network if one attacks the first leader making its disconnected, synchronization cannot be achieved between sub-networks and the leaders networks causing removal of first leader from the network which can be seen from the figure(LU, Renquan, et al. 2014) (LU, Renquan, et al. 2014) Figure5: Showing state of errors between nodes after removing one leader in a fully connected network. (LU, Renquan, et al. 2014) Figure 6:Showing state of errors in a tree network after removing one leader Conclusion: Through the current research method, the primary aim of assessing the adequate amount of security can be provided by synchronization of networks in the banking sector and banking networks. In this study, the model of pinning of a multilayer network s of networks mechanism is proposed method to be applied for achieving the mentioned aims (Wang and Liu 2011).From different sources of literature review, it is found that the mentioned newer framework of pinning synchronization of different networks is very much secure and robust during threats and deliberate attacks. This model will also provide all the mentioned five important services of the desired security plan which is confidential, Authentication, Authorization, Integrity and Nonredudiation. This study will provide a various types of security mechanisms which can applied in case of banking networking systems (Wang and Liu 2011). Ethical Issues: The most important ethical considerations for this research proposal are Control: Network control is one of the most important ethical issues with respect to data and computation. Loss of control leads to sever problems and the main is security.The risks associated are unauthorized access, data corruption, infrastructure failure or unavailability. Problem of many hands: This occurs when there are many people involved in the system which is undesirable. . In the large network environments responsibilities are divided between large numbers of people and there is a greater chanceof failure. So the responsibilities should be assigned properly. Self determination: Self determination implements the fact that the right or ability of a particular person to control and use of these services. The entire power of this system can be bestowed to one particular person. Which will be very much dangerous and harmful if that particular person becomes corrupted. Accountability: It entails the users the things to be done. As a result the system or network protocols shows the users what should be done. As a result, the sphere of user freedom is somewhat restricted. Which is very much unethical as the concepts of each user is not reserved in this process. Ownership: The ownership of the service is also a considerable issue in order to access the system and the quality aspects of the system. Function creep: The data collected for one purpose is used for other purpose. References Al Lawati, A. and Ali, S., 2015, February. Business perception to learn the art of Operating System auditing: A case of a local bank of Oman. InGCC Conference and Exhibition (GCCCE), 2015 IEEE 8th(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Alnumay, W.S. and Ghosh, U., 2014. Secure Routing and Data Transmission in Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.arXiv preprint arXiv:1402.2108. Banks, A., Bowman, N. and Caseley, P., 2010, June. A framework of requirements for the design and management of dependable network enabled capability system of systems. InSystem of Systems Engineering (SoSE), 2010 5th International Conference on(pp. 1-7). IEEE. Baral, H.R., 2010.Network Security Assessment Methodology(Doctoral dissertation, Anglia Ruskin University). Carter, K.M., Idika, N. and Streilein, W.W., 2014. Probabilistic threat propagation for network security.Information Forensics and Security, IEEE Transactions on,9(9), pp.1394-1405. Dowd, P.W. and McHenry, J.T., 1998. Network security: it's time to take it seriously.Computer,31(9), pp.24-28. Duvvuru, R., Rao, P.J., Singh, S.K. and Sinha, A., 2013. Enhanced Security levels of BSPS in WLAN.International Journal of Computer Applications,84(2), pp.33-39. Hole, K.J., 2006. Case study: Online banking security.IEEE Security Privacy, (2), pp.14-20. Khoussainov, R. and Patel, A., 2000. LAN security: problems and solutions for Ethernet networks.Computer Standards Interfaces,22(3), pp.191-202. Kiran, K.V.D., Sruthi, P., Neema, P.S., Vani, G.M. and Sahu, R.,2010, Risk Assessment in Online Banking System. Kraus, K., 2010. Security Management Process in Distributed, Large Scale High Performance Systems. InWorld Congress on Power and Energy Engineering, Proceedings of the. Kurata, M., Kim, J., Zhang, Y., Lynch, J.P., Van der Linden, G.W., Jacob, V., Thometz, E., Hipley, P. and Sheng, L.H., 2011, March. Long-term assessment of an autonomous wireless structural health monitoring system at the new Carquinez Suspension Bridge. InSPIE Smart Structures and Materials+ Nondestructive Evaluation and Health Monitoring(pp. 798312-798312). International Society for Optics and Photonics. Kuzlu, M. and Pipattanasomporn, M., 2013, February. Assessment of communication technologies and network requirements for different smart grid applications. InInnovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2013 IEEE PES(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Lu, R., Yu, W., Lu, J. and Xue, A., 2014. Synchronization on complex networks of networks.Neural Networks and Learning Systems, IEEE Transactions on,25(11), pp.2110-2118. Mirchev, L., 2013. Network-centric organization of supervisory and regulatory processes in the banking system of the European Union.Economic alternatives. Papadimitriou, T., Gogas, P. and Tabak, B.M., 2013. Complex networks and banking systems supervision.Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications,392(19), pp.4429-4434. Price, W.L., 1988. Security standards for data networks.Computer Fraud Security Bulletin,10(10), pp.7-11. Randhawa, A., Gulati, H. and Kundra, H., 2013. Security Issues in Networks and its Solution at Architecture Level.International Journal of Computer Applications,83(2). Ullah, F., Ahmad, M., Habib, M. and Muhammad, J., 2011, March. Analysis of security protocols for Wireless Sensor Networks. InComputer Research and Development (ICCRD), 2011 3rd International Conference on(Vol. 2, pp. 383-387). IEEE. Wang, B. and Liu, K.J., 2011. Advances in cognitive radio networks: A survey.Selected Topics in Signal Processing, IEEE Journal of,5(1), pp.5-23. Watters, P., Alazab, M., Alazab, M. and Venkatraman, S., 2012. Information security governance: the art of detecting hidden malware.IT Security Governance Innovations: Theory and Research: Theory and Research, p.293.

Lady Mary free essay sample

In the piece written by Lady Mary Wortley Montagu, she writes a letter to her daughter on how she believes her granddaughter should be educated. Lady Montagu discusses how knowledge affects a womans life in that time period. She also discusses how she feels a woman should be educated. In order to effectively communicate her views she uses rhetorical devices. â€Å"True knowledge consists in knowing things, not words. † Lady Montagu wants her granddaughter to â€Å"read books in their originals. † Books that are translated are always â€Å"corrupted† and â€Å"injured. In a woman’s education, English poetry plays a more important role than is â€Å"generally supposed. † Lady Montagu also wants her daughter to discuss with her granddaughter what the granddaughter reads. Knowledge for women, â€Å"besides the amusement of solitude, [moderates] the passions, and [learns] to be [content] with a small expense. † One of the rhetorical and stylistic devices Lady Montagu uses is contrast. We will write a custom essay sample on Lady Mary or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Through out the entire letter she is contrasting traditional views with non-traditional views. The very first line is a very non-traditional statement saying True knowledge consists of knowing things, not words. Again she compares traditional vs. non traditional in the statement about the reading. Reading books in the original language allowed a more accurate interpretation of the meaning but was a more non-traditional way compared to reading books that had been translated which often ruin the true meaning, which was the traditional way. Lady Montagu applies stylistic devices such as rhetorical devices which include parenthesis, an anecdote, formal language, voice, and tone. By using parenthesis in line 16 â€Å"†¦the second caution to be given her (and which is most absolutely necessary) is to conceal whatever learning she attains with solicitude†¦,† Lady Montagu interrupts the normal syntactical flow of the sentence. By doing this she shows how greatly she feels that her granddaughter must have a good education and not be foolish and ignorant in what she reads and how she interprets her readings. She also feels that education is very important, in general. Lady Montagu also shows this by using an anecdote about her education. She talks about her knowledge having saved a friend from â€Å"destruction. † Lady Montagu writes to her daughter formally. She is talking to her daughter, yet she uses formal language, most likely to show that she is well educated and knows how to speak properly. Lady Montagu’s voice clearly shows in her writing. She is passionate about not only her granddaughter’s education, but women’s education as a whole. She writes in a very didactic tone.

The Millenium Bug essays

The Millenium Bug essays The millennial sun will first rise over human civilization in the independent republic of Kirbati, a group of thirty low lying coral islands in the Pacific Ocean. Kirbati straddles the equator and the International Dateline halfway between Hawaii and Australia. For those who live in a world that relies on satellites, air, rail and ground transportation, manufacturing plants, electricity, heat, telephone, or TV, when the calendar clicks 99 to 00, we will experience a true millennial shift (Peterson). As the sun moves westward on January 1, 2000 and the date shifts silently within millions of computerized systems, we will begin to experience our computer dependent world in a new way. At the stroke of midnight, the new millennium heralds the greatest challenge to modern society that we have yet to face as a planetary community. Whether we experience this as chaos or social transformation will be influenced by what we do immediately. What is theY2K (Year 2000) problem? When computer systems were built in the 1960s and 1970s computer hardware was too expensive. To reduce costs, programmers looked for ways to reduce data storage requirements. It was common for year to be stored in databases in two digit fields rather than four digits. Why is this a problem now? The systems built during this period were not very user friendly, but the computers were most critical to business operations. Because these systems of the 1960s and 1970s were not designed to run in multiple centuries, most will either produce incorrect information or simply fail at the end of the century. It may not sound like much effort to fix these machines, but in fact, it involves a great deal of time and expense. The Gartner Group, a respected information technology researcher, estimates that it will cost as much as $600 billion worldwide. If the problem is not addressed in time, the con ...

MGT paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MGT paper - Essay Example White collar jobs emphasizes professionalism in that, a person work in the field where he or she has the knowledge, skills and experience. In a white collar work setting, it is possible for workers to work in any area they prefer, but work is dictated by a person’s training in a particular career field (Hoop and Wolzansky 64). Since white collar workers do their job in an office setting, their productivity can be measured in a number of ways. First, the productivity of white collar workers can be measured by assessing worker engagement. Worker engagement refers to the interest that workers have in the various task that they are delegated in the office. Where the workers are dissatisfied with their working environment, they tend to shirk thus affecting the productivity of the company in terms of reaching the established goals. Worker involvement can be used to measure productivity in that, where workers are happy with their work environment, their involvement increases and this in turn, increases performance and productivity of the company. On the other hand, innovativeness and creativity can also be used to measure the productivity of white collar workers. An innovative pool of workers means that a company is able to improve its productivity and gain a competitive edge over similar companies with regard t o the market share. However, a lack of innovativeness or creativity among workers means that the productivity of the company is also affected (Hoop and Wolzansky 68). Team work is also a tool to measure the productivity of white collar workers. This is because, in a group, it is easier to notice the input of every member in terms of contributions made by each member. This helps the team leader to assess the talent or ability of each group member in improving a company’s productivity. Employee turnover is also a way of measuring the productivity

Two Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Two Questions - Essay Example One occasion in which Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" reiterates this famous ruler is when he asserts, â€Å"our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation.† (Boritt 1). Similarly, Pericles started his speech in this way when he claimed, â€Å"I shall began by speaking about our ancestors.† (Halsall 34). Another instance is when Lincoln claims, â€Å"we cannot consecrate -we cannot hallow-this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it.† (Boritt 1). This is also evident in Pericles speech when he argues that the people being honored have proved themselves valiant on the war zone, and that their victory shall not be illustrated through speech given by a single man, but by action (Halsall 34). In addition, in Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address", Lincoln also reiterates Pericles’ recognition and admiration of democracy. The famed conclusion of the speech, â€Å"government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth,† exhibits Lincoln view on democracy (Boritt 1). Similarly, Pericles appears to embellish democracy when he claims, â€Å"power is in the hands not of a minority but of the whole people our political life is free and open† (Halsall 38). ... In conclusion, the purpose of both Lincoln's "Gettysburg Address" To Thucydides' "Pericles' Funeral Oration" was to honor those who had perished in war Question 2 Friendship as comprehended by the most famous theologians, philosophers, and church illustrates an association in which there is a shared significance in attaining the good. Every participant is expected to assist the other in their development of virtue, or good behavior, in a true friendship (Sachs 14). This explanation aids in developing peaceful relations between people, thus serving the common good in an adequate way. This part addresses Machiavelli’s and Aristotle’s views on friendship (Marriott 52). Machiavelli: I would not want to observe fruitful, peaceful relations between people because an integrated populace is not easily dominated. Therefore, to me, friendship is an association in which the prudent member uses the other to ally with if in need, gain favors, and attain power. Aristotle: In my view, friendship lies squarely within the political arena. True friendship in a similar fashion as a political alliance, is an activity that is functional in the polis and depends on committed reciprocity. Friendship is part of righteous behavior whose conclusion is the goodness and happiness because it appears in a community of beings. Machiavelli: Friendship does not exist where there is nothing to be offered that could help in the search of power. It is essential to sometimes jeopardize the love of others so as to attain significant success. I believe that happiness and power do not necessary lie in being righteous but at least seeming to be righteous. Aristotle: In spite the community of beings, friendship is only probable with a

Product Analysis about Fast Food Restaurant Essay

Product Analysis about Fast Food Restaurant - Essay Example With a varied range of fast food items and ready to eat deserts, the company has been operating well in the international market. The company, in order to meet the changing demands, has been updating their marketing strategies as per the need of the changing time. Moreover, the company has also been serving a varied range of delicacies to capture markets of the fast food restaurants. The company has also opened a large number of franchises to serve people better in the larger number (Dominos IP Holder LLC, 2008). Herewith, the paper focuses to complete a detailed analysis of the fast food restaurant. By analyzing the different market recommendations of the fast food restaurant, a detailed picture of their market strategy is framed. The paper also describes the current fast food services the company is trading on from a critical point of view, highlighting its positives and negatives as well. Initially, Domino’s was involved in serving only Pizzas since its inception. Gradually, with the changing demand and taste preferences, the company became diversified in its food services with the inclusion of a variety of flavored pizzas and a varied range of deserts into their product line. In comparison to other food items, its Handmade Pizza has been a Unique Selling Proposition (USP) to the company, attracting high demand from the targeted consumers. The company has also been selling a wide range of products like the Parmesan Bread Bites, Stuffed Cheesy breads and Chocolate Lava Crunch to attract a diversified customer group. The company is recognized to be the bestsellers of a varied range of products, which has set a benchmark in the industry by ensuring timely delivery with quality. To increase the convenience of home delivery, Domino’s has been taking initiatives in opening a virtual store. These virtual stores were designed in order to enhance the customerâ⠂¬â„¢s convenience in placing orders. Additionally, in order to

Infectious Complications of Kidney Transplantation

Infectious Complications of Kidney Transplantation Introduction: Infections that develop after transplantation may be life-threatening and may affect outcomes. Infection follows cardiovascular disease as the second most common cause of death with a functioning graft in kidney transplant recipients. Post-transplant infections develop in approximately 40% of recipients within the first year in spite of prophylaxis. Both the type and occurrence of infections in the immunocompromised transplant recipient follow a timetable pattern. HBV, hepatitis B virus; HIV, human immunodeficiency virus; HSV, herpes simplex virus; LCMV, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus; MRSA, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus; PCP, Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia; PML, progressive multifocal leucoencephalopathy; PTLD, post-transplantation lymphoproliferative disorder; SARS, severe acute respiratory syndrome; VRE, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis; VZV, varicella-zoster virus. Reproduced from Fishman JA. Infection in solid-organ transplant recipients. N Engl J Med 2007; 357:2601-14. With permission from the Massachusetts Medical Society.  © 2007 Massachusetts Medical Society. Risk Factors for Posttransplant Infectious Complications Pretransplant host factors: Underlying medical condition e.g. Diabetes Mellitus Chronic infections e.g. Hepatitis C viral infection Latent infections e.g. Tuberculosis, Dimorphic fungi Colonization with resistant bacteria Recipients preexisting immunity e.g. Varicella Zoster Virus Prior medications e.g. Antimicrobials, Corticosteroids Transplant factors: Allograft derived e.g. Cytomegalovirus Surgical duration, instrumentation, wound, abdominal fluid collections, technical issue e.g. type of anastomosis Blood transfusion Immunosuppression Immunosuppressive agents and additional treatment for episodes of rejection Time posttransplant Epidemiologic exposure Urinary Tract Infections: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common bacterial infections following transplantation, which develop in approximately 20% of recipients. Female sex, genitourinary tract manipulation during transplantation, prolonged bladder catheterization, ureteric stenting, age, and delayed graft function (DGF) are independent risk factors. UTIs are independently associated with the development of bacteremia, and untreated UTIs are associated with subsequent rejection (3). Post-transplant vesicoureteric reflux occurs in up to 40% of transplant recipients, although is not associated with the UTI risk (4). Ureteric stents mitigate the risk of ureteric strictures and leaks after transplantation. Center practices vary, with stenting of all patients at some centers and more selective stenting at others. Wilson et al. performed a Cochrane analysis of seven randomized controlled trials (RCTs) encompassing 1,154 patients that examined the practice of allograft ureteric stenting (5). The incidence of major urologic complications including urine leak and obstruction was significantly reduced (relative risk [RR], 0.24; 95% CI, 0.07 to 0.77; P=0.02; number needed to treat = 13) by universal prophylactic stenting. However, UTIs were more common in stented patients (RR, 1.49; 95% CI, 1.04 to 2.15), unless the patients were prescribed trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX), in which case the incidence was equivalent (RR, 0.97; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.33). Stents were generally well tolerated, although studies using longer stents (à ¢Ã¢â‚¬ °Ã‚ ¥20 cm) for longer periods (> 6 weeks) developed problems mo re frequently with encrustation and migration. Typical pathogens include Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Proteus, Enterococcus, Enterobacter, Staphylococcus, and Pseudomonas. In the case of recurrent infections, abscesses or other nidi of infection should be sought out by means of imaging with ultrasound or computed tomography. Early catheter removal decreases the incidence of UTI in renal allograft recipients. The use of TMP/SMX to prevent Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia and UTI has long been the standard of care after kidney transplantation. Wojciechowski et al. performed a single-center study comparing TMP/SMX for 6 months (group 1) versus TMP/SMX for 6 months plus ciprofloxacin for 30 days (group 2) for prophylaxis after kidney transplantation (6). At 1 year, more patients in group 1 developed UTIs (23.6% versus 10.8%; P=0.01) and the mean time to first UTI was shorter. There was a similar incidence of enteric Gram-negative antibiotic resistance to TMP/ SMX (75% versus 80%; P=1.00) and ciprofloxacin (16.7% versus 30%; P=0.39) in groups 1 and 2. For groups 1 and 2, the proportion of first UTIs requiring hospitalization was 48.9% versus 40.6%, respectively. A clean-catch midstream urine specimen should be submitted for quantitative bacterial and fungal  culture. Antibiotic therapy should be tailored according to the offending microorganism and drug susceptibility tests. Septicemia: The incidence of hospitalizations for septicemia among renal transplant recipients is approximately 42 times that of the general population. The urinary tract is the most common source of septicemia, followed by the lungs, the surgical wound site, and the abdomen. Most cases occur within the first six months after transplantation. Among patients with bacteremia, poor outcome is associated with Gram-negative species, multidrug-resistant organisms, and Candida species, especially when the empiric antimicrobial therapy is inappropriate or delayed. Bige et al. retrospectively studied 83 kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) admitted for sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock to their intensive care unit over a 10-year period (1). The main sites of infection were the lung (54%), urinary tract (24%), and bloodstream (22%). Eighty percent of infections were bacterial. Mechanical ventilation was used in 46 patients (56%), vasopressors in 39 patients (47%), and RRT in 34 patients (41%). The 90-day mortality rate was 22%. By day 90, among the 65 survivors, 39 (47%) had recovered their previous graft function, and 26 (31%) had impaired graft function, including 16 (19%) who were dependent on RRT. Some studies suggest that bacterial sepsis increases the risk for CMV infection because of high levels of tumor necrosis factor-ÃŽÂ ± (TNF-ÃŽÂ ±) or dysregulated immune response to CMV in the context of serious bacterial infections. For detection of bloodstream infection, two sets of blood cultures should be obtained before initiation of antimicrobial therapy. If intravascular catheter-associated bacteremia is suspected, the device should be removed and the catheter tip should be cultured. Pneumonia: The incidence of pneumonia in kidney transplantation is the lowest among all solid organ transplants (8 to 16 percent). However, pneumonia is the most serious infection, leading to death in up to 50 percent of cases. The infectious agent in the majority of patients is never determined. This is likely because of the low yield of blood and sputum cultures and the efficacy of antibacterial therapy. In patients who are hypoxic on presentation or do not respond to initial therapy, a bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) is almost always warranted. Patients should be referred if possible to a transplant center to improve the likelihood of diagnosing the etiologic agent. Common causative organisms include Streptococcus pneumoniae, nontypable Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Chlamydia pneumoniae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, and respiratory viruses such as influenza, adenovirus, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV). Less commonly, patients may present with opportunistic organisms such as P. jirovecii and L. pneumophila. Silver stains for direct fluorescent antibody for Pneumocystis should be done on sputum or BAL specimens. A urine Legionella antigen test should be done on all patients on initial work up. Mycobaterium tuberculosis: Among the infections, tuberculosis is an important cause of morbidity in renal transplant recipients in developing world. The incidence of post-transplant tuberculosis in India has been reported to be highest in the world at 5.7 to 10 percent in various studies. Most cases of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection in kidney transplant recipients are due to reactivation of latent tuberculosis lesions. Important risk factors for reactivation include nonwhite race, history of active tuberculosis, presence of marked abnormality on a chest radiograph, exposure to person with a confirmed case of tuberculosis, and skin test positivity. In transplant patients, the clinical presentation of tuberculosis may be atypical and extrapulmonary and miliary tuberculosis is seen more frequently than in the normal population. Tuberculosis presents numerous diagnostic difficulties in renal transplant recipients. Because of high frequency of anergy in immunosupressed patients, the Mantoux test is generally unhelpful as a diagnostic tool. e classic picture of apical involvement in the general chest X-ray is seen in only a minority of renal transplant recipients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Demonstration of acid-fast bacilli in the sputum smear requires repeated examination on several occasions and has a low yield. Identification on culture takes four to six weeks. Treatment of post-transplant tuberculosis presents problems both in the choice of antitubercular agents and in the duration of therapy. Rifampicin is a well-known hepatic P-450 microsomal enzyme inducer, increasing the clearance of both prednisolone and cyclosporine A. The dose of prednisolone needs to be doubled and that of cyclosporine increased to three- to four-fold to maintain therapeutic blood levels. e latter increases the cost of therapy and is unacceptable to a vast majority of patients. An alternative regime that has been successfully used for these patients consists of a combination of isoniazid, pyrazinamide, ofloxacin, and ethambutol. e optimum duration of therapy is also a matter of debate but is usually for 9 to 12 months. e duration needs to be increased to 18 months in patients who are on cyclosporine and are not receiving rifampicin. e role of INH prophylaxis after transplant in endemic areas is controversial. Cytomegalovirus (CMV): CMV is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality among kidney transplant recipients. Between 60 and 90 percent of adults are seropositive. Symptomatic disease ranges from a relatively mild syndrome of fever, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, and elevated liver enzymes to severe disseminated disease that involves multiple organ systems, such as the lung, liver, and GI tract. CMV disease has been implicated as a cause of acute and chronic graft dysfunction as well as long-term graft loss. CMV can also suppress the immune response which predisposes the host to infections with other viruses, bacteria, and fungi. The incidence and severity of CMV disease has been most strongly associated with the CMV serostatus of the kidney donor and recipient. Seronegative recipients who receive a kidney from a seropositive donor (D+/R-) are at greatest risk for severe primary infection during the first three months post-transplant. Rapid and accurate diagnosis of CMV is important because delayed recognition results in increased morbidity. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays for CMV DNA and pp65 antigen detections are the most commonly used means to detect CMV viremia. e shell vial viral culture method remains a reliable way of detecting CMV in sputum. Multiple strategies have been used to reduce the morbidity and mortality of CMV infection and its associated costs (see Table 4). Avoiding CMV sero- mismatching through organ allocation is not feasible or worthwhile. Universal prophylaxis refers to giving prophylactic therapy to all kidney transplant patients regardless of their CMV serostatus. Selected prophylaxis refers to giving prophylaxis to patients at high risk for CMV, namely the D+/R- category or those receiving lymphocyte-depleting therapy. e preemptive treatment approach treats asymptomatic CMV infection in an e ort to prevent CMV disease. Each approach has its advantages and disadvantages, and there is no de nitive consensus on optimal preventive strategy. Prophylactic Therapy: Prophylactic therapy is effective in preventing CMV disease in high-risk patients. Ganciclovir and valganciclovir are equally efficacious. Ganciclovir 1,000 mg PO three times daily and valganciclovir 900 mg PO once daily are used. Valganciclovir is contraindicated in patients with a creatinine clearance of less than 10 ml/h. Prophylactic therapy is usually given during the first 100 days post- kidney transplant. A concern with the prophylactic strategy is that 20 to 30 percent of high-risk patients go on to develop late-onset CMV disease after the prophylaxis is stopped, and the incidence of ganciclovir resistance may be higher in those who receive prophylaxis. Preemptive Therapy: Preemptive therapy of CMV infection involves monitoring for CMV viremia and starting treatment before the development of signs or symptoms of disease. It has been shown to be as effective as prophylactic therapy in preventing CMV disease. Both oral ganciclovir and valganciclovir have been shown to be effective in treating viremia. Preemptive therapy has the advantage of avoiding the costs and complications of antiviral therapy in low-risk patients while at the same time initiating treatment early to avoid symptomatic disease in high-risk patients. It has also been shown to decrease the development of late CMV disease. Its major limitation is the need to perform frequent determinations of CMV viremia. Ganciclovir Resistance: Ganciclovir resistance is becoming more common among solid-organ transplant recipients. In one study, 6.2 percent of CMV isolates had UL97 or UL54 mutations. Viral strains with mutations in the UL97 gene, which encodes for a viral protein kinase, remain susceptible to foscarnet and cidofovir. Mutations in the UL54 gene that encodes DNA polymerase can result in resistance to ganciclovir, foscarnet, and cidofovir. e emergence of ganciclovir-resistant CMV underscores the importance of optimizing preventive strategies. BK Virus (BKV): BKV is associated with post-transplantation nephropathy, hemorrhagic cystitis, and ureteral obstruction. It has a tropism for genitourinary tract and usually remains dormant in the urinary tract and circulating leukocytes after the primary childhood infection and becomes reactivated during immunosuppression. Adult seroprevalence rates for BKV range from 65 to 90 percent and BKV reactivation can come from the recipient or the donor. BK viremia occurs in 13 percent and BK nephropathy in 8 percent of kidney transplant recipients. Analysis of risk factors for reactivation has underscored the central role played by serologic status of the donor, immunosuppressive regimens, injury to the uroepithelial tissue, and acute rejection. Distinguishing between BK infection and allograft rejection is of paramount importance, since BK infection necessitates reducing immunosuppression and allograft rejection requires the opposite. Among kidney transplant recipients who are receiving immunosuppressive therapy, 10 to 60 percent have reactivation of BKV accompanied by shedding of urothelial cells. Shedding is inconsistently associated with allograft dysfunction. Once the virus has reactivated, an ascending infection via cell-to-cell spread occurs. e overall state of immunosuppression is the primary determinant of BKV reactivation. Viral replication begins early after transplantation and progresses through detectable stages-viruria, then viremia, then nephropathy. Viruria can be detected by PCR for BKV DNA, reverse transcription (RT)-PCR for BKV RNA, cytology for BKV inclusion bearing epithelial cells termed decoy cells, or electron microscopy for viral particles. Viremia is a better predictor of nephropathy than viruria. Although higher levels of viremia correlate with the risk of developing nephropathy, there are no established thresholds of viremia to indicate nephropathy. The gold standard for establishing BK nephropathy remains a kidney biopsy with positive immuno- histochemical or immunofluorescent staining for the SV-40 large T antigen. An effective screening strategy is to check blood for BKV DNA by PCR monthly for the first 3 months and at 6 and 12 months after transplantation, at the time of any unexplained rise in serum creatinine, and after augmentation of immunosuppression. Because BKV nephropathy is preceded by BK viremia, asymptomatic BK viremia should prompt empiric immunosuppression reduction and continued monitoring. Currently, no established antiviral treatment is available, and control of viral infection is tentatively obtained by means of reduction of immunosuppression. Treatment attempts have included immunoglobulins without proof of efficacy. Other options include deoxyspergualin, cidofovir, leflunomide, uoroquinolones and gyrase inhibitors. Cidofovir use is limited by its nephrotoxicity. Fungal Infections: The incidence of fungal infections in renal transplant recipients is less than that reported for other solid organ transplant recipients, the mortality from fungal infections remains high and is related to the pathogenicity of the  organisms, site of infection, impaired host inflammatory response, limited diagnostic tools, potential for rapid clinical progression, failure to recognize a high-risk patient, and comorbidities, such as renal failure and diabetes mellitus. Colonization with yeasts and molds occurs frequently in transplant candidates with ESRD and after transplantation because of exposure to broad-spectrum antibacterial agents, domiciliary and hospital exposures, immunosuppressive therapy, especially corticosteroids, and the presence of urinary catheters and endotracheal tubes. Isolation of Candida species from cultures of stool, respiratory, and urine samples occurs commonly in kidney transplant recipients receiving corticosteroids and broad-spectrum antimicrobials and does not necessarily imply infection. However, repeatedly positive fungal cultures from a single or from multiple sites may herald invasive candidiasis in the appropriate clinical setting. Candida species, Aspergillus species, P. jiroveci, and C. neoformans are the most common fungal pathogens reported in renal transplant recipients. Candida infections occur most commonly during the first month following transplantation and are usually associated with transplant surgical technical complications, early rejection, and enhanced immuno- suppression. Candida infection is most commonly associated with an endogenous source of colonization. C. albicans is the most common species, followed by C. glabrata, C. tropicalis, and C. parapsilosis. Speciation is clinically useful because nonalbicans Candida species vary in in vitro susceptibility to amphotericin B and azoles. Sites of Candida infection include mucocutaneous candidiasis and esophagitis; wound infections; cystitis, pyelonephritis, and ureteral obstruction by Candida elements or fungal ball; intra- abdominal infections, including infected perigraft fluid collections or peritonitis; and intravascular device- associated fungemia. Renal parenchymal infection most often results from candidemia and hematogenous spread, although ascending infection from the bladder can oc cur. Candiduria is typically asymptomatic but may be associated with cystitis or upper tract infection. Patients with genitourinary tract stents and recurrent funguria often require removal of foreign body to eradicate the infection. Cryptococcus often presents as meningitis but may cause space-occupying brain lesions; pulmonary, dermatologic, skeletal, organ-specific disease; aspergillosis-pneumonia and other tissue-invasive forms, including genitourinary, central nervous system, rhinocerebral, GI, skin, wound, and musculoskeletal disease. Patients at risk for aspergillosis include those receiving repeated courses of enhanced immuno- suppression for rejection and those with chronic graft dysfunction, diabetes, comorbid medical illnesses, or CMV infection. Diagnosis of aspergillus infection depends on a high clinical suspicion, isolation of Aspergillus species from a sterile body site or repeated isolation from the respiratory tract, and typical radiographic findings. Radiologic appearances of pulmonary aspergillosis in kidney transplant recipients include nodules, di use or wedge-shaped opacities, empyema, or cavitary forms. Serial measurement of aspergillus galactomannan in the serum may aid in the early diagno sis of invasive aspergillosis in the high-risk setting. Historically, invasive candidiasis, cryptococcosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and aspergillosis were treated with amphotericin B deoxycholate (AmB). The lipid formulations of amphotericin B are all associated with lower risks for nephrotoxicity, metabolic derangements, and infusion-associated side effects than is AmB. Higher therapeutic dosages can be administered, and broad-spectrum antifungal activity is generally maintained. Voriconazole appears to be superior to conventional AmB for the treatment of invasive aspergillosis and also has in vitro activity against a wider range of organisms. Available in both intravenous and oral formulations, the drug is generally well-tolerated, but some patients experience visual hallucinations or severe photosensitivity. Oral posaconazole has excellent activity in vitro against Candida, Aspergillus, and Mucor species, but experience in solid organ transplant recipients is limited to date. Although itraconazole has good in vitro activity against Aspergillus species, its use is generally reserved for treatment of less-severe aspergillosis or maintenance therapy following initial response to lipid amphotericin or voriconazole and for treatment of endemic mycoses. Fluconazole is the first-line agent of the treatment or prevention of reactivation of coccidioidomycosis in renal transplant  recipients. The echinocandins, including caspofungin, anidulafungin, and micafungin, inhibit synthesis of fungal cell wall protein ÃŽÂ ²1-3 glucan and are fungicidal for Candida species, including fluconazole-resistant species. Available only as intravenous formulations, the echinocandins are effective, well tolerated, and have few drug-drug interactions.

Search for Innocence in American Modernism Essay -- Literature Essays

Search for Innocence in American Modernism      Ã‚   American Literature from its very beginning has been centered around a theme of innocence. The Puritans wrote about abandoning the corruption of Europe to find innocence in a new world. The Romantics saw innocence and power in nature and often wrote of escaping from civilization to return to nature. After the Civil War, however, the innocence of the nation is challenged. The Realists focused on the loss of innocence and in Naturalist works innocence is mostly gone. During these periods of American Literature it seems almost as if a hole was being dug, a sort of emptying of innocence, and after World War I the Modernists called this hole the wasteland Many Modernist works focus on society lost in the wasteland, but they hint at a way out. The path out of the wasteland is through a return to innocence. This is evident in the Modernist works of The wasteland by T. S. Eliot, "Directive" by Robert Frost, "Babylon Revisited" by F. Scott Fitzgerald, and "Hills Like White Elephants" by Earnest Hemingway as will be shown in an analysis of the inhabitants of the wasteland and their search for innocence, the role of children and pregnancy in the wasteland, and the symbolism of water and rebirth.    But before I go on, I believe that I should first clarify what I mean by "a return to innocence." First, there is some confusion between innocence and ignorance. They are often used interchangeably. Because a person is innocent, it does not mean that he or she is unaware of reality. Innocence is almost like a different type of view. A child and an adult may interpret a single thing entirely differently, but this does not mean that the adult knows more about that thing. Innocence is open ... ...ed society and only through the return of innocence can there be hope of anything better.    Works Cited Eliot, T.S. The wasteland. In The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Volume II. Edited by Paul Lauter et al. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1991: 1447-1463.    Fitzgerald, F. Scott. "Babylon Revisited." In The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Volume II. Edited by Paul Lauter et al. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1991: 1471-1485.    Frost, Robert. "Directive." In The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Volume II. Edited by Paul Lauter et al. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1991: 1208-1209.    Hemingway, Ernest. "Hills Like White Elephants." In The Heath Anthology of American Literature, Volume II. Edited by Paul Lauter et al. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1991: 1471-1485.      

Higher Education and Poverty Reduction Among the Youth

HIGHER EDUCATION AND POVERTY REDUCTION AMONG THE YOUTH BY OKUNOLA, PHILIP OLAYIDE (Ph. D), ONYENE. V. E(Ph. D. )([email  protected] com) SUBAR, S. TAYO. ASHIRU, AL-MAHROOF OLASEEWO ([email  protected] ca) PAPER PRESENTED AT THE 8TH REGIONAL CONFERENCE OF HIGHER EDUCATION RESEARCH POLICY NETWORK VENUE: INTERNATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR TROPICAL AGRICULTURE (IITA), IBADAN AUGUST, 2008 ABSTRACTEducation in Nigeria and higher education in particular, are fundamental to the construction of a knowledge economy and worthwhile society in any nation hence, from a global perspective, economic, political, technological and social developments are increasingly driven by the advancement and application of knowledge, skills and socialization acquired in the process of this education. This paper presents an empirical study of higher education and poverty reduction among the youth using the University of Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 330 youth population comprised the sample drawn from the eight facultie s on campus.Three hypotheses were formulated and tested using chi-square statistical tool at 0. 05 level of significance. The major findings are that higher education is significant in exposing the youth to talent discovery, physical and intellectual development among the youth and has high potency reduction for poverty reduction among the youth. Introduction The dawn of the 21st century has brought profound and fundamental changes to economics, technology, politics, culture, morals, social values and ethics. Globalization is the driving force in all these changes.While globalization has induced the collapse of time and space, it has also expanded opportunities and challenges for individuals and for nations and has sidelined the weak and unprepared. Anya (2002). The task of the university education will then be to empower the youths to be able to cope with the dynamics of globalization. Consequently the university must have an organic linkage with the industrial and economic environ ment to contribute to economic growth of the nation. Education has for long been recognized and accepted as a panacea for Nigeria’s ills and woes. Particularly so is the case of higher education.Stupendous amount of money and other resources, even though inadequate are expended on the universities annually. Unarguably al stakeholders look up to the universities as the nation’s beacon of hope, light and civilization. For this reason, besides over 50 public universities are springing up all over the nooks and crannies of the country (Ejiogu and Onyene, 2006). Nigeria ‘s philosophy of education is aimed at education that foster the worth and development of the individual, for each individuals sake, and for the general development of the society there is need for empowerment so as to break the chains of poverty for necessary liberation.Are the Nigerian youths hopeful? Do they see the light? Are they civilized? The quest and agitation for the empowerment of the youth and their liberation through higher education is fast becoming almost hysterical given the often reported cases of incessant strike actions by lecturers, lack or inadequate infrastructures in the universities, brain drain, and so on, within the university system. Instance abound when university graduates are not employable in the labour market.The situation becomes worrisome and intriguing with the jet-speed rate of opening up of new universities with its attendant alleged unemployment of â€Å"unqualified† staff, and stragglers from older universities. The Concept of Higher Education and Poverty Higher education means different things to many people, but the purpose is perceived to be the same. It is the type of education that focuses on professionalization, by empowering the partaker of this level of education with skills that are not necessarily the function of formal educational process.This type of skills emanates from students’ interaction with their peers, teach ers and other members of their academic community. Though these experiences that culminate into skills makes students sojourn in their academic environment a complete one, which necessitates the saying â€Å" passing through the school without the school passing through the student† The proponents of this statement are of the opinion that students who passed through the school without the school passing through them have learnt only partially regardless of their grades at the end of their academic pursuit in the university, thereby limiting their opportunities.This is corroborated by Gay 2005, who opined that poverty can only be eliminated if the students to whom implicit promises are being by urging them to attend school actually receive some tangible benefit for their years spent in school. Higher education includes teaching, research and social service activities of universities, and within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level (sometimes referred to as tertiary education and the graduate school). Higher education generally involves work towards a degree level or foundation for degree qualification.In most developed countries a high proportion of the population (up to 50%) now enters higher education is therefore every important to national economy, both as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of the economy. Schofield, K. 1999. Higher education is based on theoretical expertise. It might be contrasted with higher vocational education, which concentrates on both practice and theory. Deciding to further education and attain a degree tends to improve many aspects of life.People with college degrees tend to earn more money and salary increases over the years are more substantial than for those that do not have a college degree or university degree. Additionally, people that have a college degree are less likely to go through long bouts of unemployment. However attaining certifications and/or degrees related t o your field can yield better jobs and ongoing opportunities (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). University qualifications need to match employers’ and labour market requirements as closely as possible.Mass unemployment of university graduates is the result where university programmes and the labour market are at variance. The issue of relevance, utilitarian criteria based on prospects of income generation at completion of a programme should be uppermost in the programmes provided by universities. The idea of pursuing knowledge for its own sake or of the sake of engaging in a programme of study given a passion for learning in a particular subject area will seem acquaint if it is remembered at all. (Roberts, 1999).Youth (in the developed world): like all identities, is a culturally relative manifestation whose meanings and applications are specific to certain times and manifestation whose meaning and applications are specific to certain times and locales. For those living in p resent-day western cultures, the term youth refers to persons who are no longer children and not yet adults. In a strictly legal sense, the term is typically applied to a person from the time of their early teens until a point between 16 and 21, after which the person is legally an adult. As an adult they are endowed priviledges such as the right to vote and consume alcohol e. c. used colloquially, however, the term generally refers to a broader, more ambiguous field of reference – from physically adolescent to those in their late 20s, the United Nations, for example, defines youth as people between the ages of 15 and 24 years inclusive (United Nations Education and Scientific Children Organisation, 2002b). Poverty refers to a situation and process of serious deprivation or lack of resources and material necessary for living within a minimum standard conducive to human dignity and well being (NEST, 1991). Poverty connotes deprivation of the means of subsistence. The manifesta tion of poverty, i. inadequate distribution of resources, access to basic social services like education and health, food scarcity, low life expectancy, and lack of participation in decision making processes (Braun, 1999, Carrey 1999;World Bank 1999; Web et al 1992;Ravnborg, 1996). For the purpose of this paper poverty is viewed as deprivation of common necessities that determine the quality of life, which include food, clothing, shelter and safe drinking water, and may also include the deprivation of opportunities to learn, to obtain better employment to escape poverty and/or to enjoy the respect of fellow citizens.This can be measured in terms of absolute or relative poverty. Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is consistent in over time between countries. An example of an absolute measurement would be the percentage of the population eating less food than is required to sustain the human body, which may lead to extreme poverty. United Nations 2002 report defines extre me poverty as â€Å"poverty that kills†, depriving individuals of the means to stay alive in the face of hunger, disease and environmental hazards.This is further substantiated by Moore (2007) in his report for the World Bank, that extreme poverty implies living on less than 1 dollar per day, and moderate poverty as less than $2 a day. The proportion of the developing world’s population living in extreme economic poverty fell from 28 percent in 1990 to 21 percent in 2001. Looking at the period 1981 – 2001, the percentage of the world’s population living on less than $1 per day has halved.Analysis of social aspects of poverty links conditions of scarcity to aspects of the distribution of resources and power in a society and recognizes that poverty may be a function of the diminished â€Å"capability† of people to live the kinds of lives they value. The social aspects of poverty may include lack of access to information, education, health care, or po litical power. Poverty may also be understood as an aspect of unequal social status and inequitable social relationships, experienced as exclusion, dependency, and diminished capacity to participate, or to develop meaningful connections with other people in society.Statement of the Problem The growth and development of this country will to a large extent be determined by quality, in character and in learning, of the products of our universities. UNESCO policy (1997) posited that basic education for all should incorporate: literacy, income generation, health care, child care, family planning, food management, union education, labour laws, civil and voting rights, peace education, environmental management, HIV/AIDS and drug awareness (UNESCO 2002). The questions are what is the hope of Nigerian youth in universities? Do they really discover their potentials having gone through the university?What then can we say are the contributions of Nigeria universities to poverty reduction among the Nigerian youth? It becomes imperative, therefore, to ascertain the potency of Nigerian higher education for poverty reduction among the youth and to proffer measures for enhancement and sustainability of youth empowerment. Methodology The study was carried out using the descriptive survey research design. The youths in University of Lagos constituted the study which comprises 500 respondents. They were diploma and 100-300 level students, from the eight faculties of the University of Lagos, Akoka campus, Lagos, Nigeria.Higher Education Potency for Poverty Reduction Questionnaire (HEPPRQ) designed by the researchers was the data-gathering instrument. It measure sure such poverty reduction potencies as talent discovery, facilitation of mind development in the youth, good leadership skills, enabling intellectual development, development of social ethics through positive interaction, exposure to entrepreneurial activities, provision of mindset for creative ideas, preparation for rend ering payable service (income generation), inculcation of technological ideas for product development, self esteem mong peers, position of youth for global alignment with contemporaries in the western world and realization of the academic inclination (discipline). Colleagues affirmed the face validity and reliability of the instrument The researchers personally distributed the questionnaire to 500 respondents across the 8 faculties on campus on different occasions; some of the respondents returned the questionnaire immediately while others returned theirs the following day. Of the 500 copies of the questionnaire distributed, 330 (66%) usable copies were returned.However, the analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics. To be precise, simple percentage and chi-square statistical tools were used. Findings Total response of the respondents was done by finding the percentages. The analysis is presented in table1. Table 1: Frequency count of responses and percenta ge ratings. |S/N |POTENCY INDICES |ALWAYS |OFTEN |SOMETIMES |NEVER |TOTAL | |1 |University environment and talent |200(60. 60%) |20(6. 06%) |110(33. 3%) | – |330 | | |discovery | | | | | | |2 |Higher education development and e |160(48. 48%) |90(27. 27%) |30(9. 09%) |50(15. 15%) |330 | | |youth’s minds | | | | | | |3 |Higher education and good leadership|190(57. 57%) |50(15. 15%) |50(15. 15%) |40(12. 12%) |330 | |4 |Higher education and intellectual |200(60. 60%) |50(15. 5%) |70(21. 21%) |10(3. 03%) |330 | | |development | | | | | | |5 |Social ethics through the university|170(51. 51%) |70(21. 21%) |80(24. 24%) |10(3. 03%) |330 | |6 |Higher education, parliamentary and |120(36. 36%) |110(33. 33%) |90(27. 27%) |10(3. 03%) |330 | | |governance process | | | | | | |7 |Entrepreneurial activities at school|110 |120(36. 6%) |80(24. 24%) |20(6. 06%) |330 | | | |(33. 33%) | | | | | |8 |University environment and mindset |170 |100(30. 30%) |50(15. 15%) |10(3. 03%) |330 | | |for creative ideas |(51. 51%) | | | | | |9 |Rendering payable service (income | 170 | 80 |40(12. 12%) |40(12. 2%) |330 | | |generation) |(51. 51%) |(24. 24%) | | | | |10 |University education and | 180 | 70 | 70 | 10 |330 | | |technological ideas |(54. 54%) |(21. 21%) |(21. 21%) |(3. 03%) | | |11 |Employment with related industries | 70 | 80 | 150 | 30 |330 | | | |(21. 1%) |(24. 24%) |(45. 45%) |(9. 09%) | | |12 |Sustenance in the face of job |110 | 90 | 110 | 20 |330 | | |scarcity |(33. 33%) |(27. 27%) |(33. 33%) |(6. 06%) | | |13 |Apart from certification, university| 190 | 120 | 20 | – |330 | | |environment and self esteem |(57. 57%) |(36. 36%) |(6. 6%) | | | |14 |Global alignment with my | 190 | 100 | 30 | 10 |330 | | |contemporaries in the western world |(57. 57%) |(30. 30%) |(9. 09%) |(3. 03%) | | |15 |Relevance of their academic | 150 | 120 | 60 | 30 |330 | | |inclination (discipline) outside |(45. 45%) |(36. 36%) |(18. 18%) |(9. 9%) | | | |their myopic perception | | | | | | Hypothesis 1 There will be no significant influence of higher education exposure on youth talent discovery. To test this hypothesis, the chi-square statistical tool was employed and tested at 0. 05 level of significance. The results are presented in table 2 below. Table 2: higher education and talent discovery. |S/N |Items |Always |Often |Sometimes |Never |Total | | |1. 200(60. 60%) |20(6. 06%) |110(33. 33%) |- |330 | | |2. |160(48. 48%) |90(27. 27%) |30(9. 09%) |50(15. 15%) |330 | | |3. |190(57. 57%) |50(15. 15%) |50(15. 15%) |40(12. 12%) |330 | | |4. |200(60. 60%) |50(15. 15%) |70(21. 21%) |10(3. 03%) |330 | | |5. |170(51. 51%) |70(21. 21%) |80(24. 24%) |10(3. 3%) |330 | | |Column Total |920 |280 |140 |110 |1650 | | |Average Total |460(55. 75%) |140(16. 96%) |70(20. 60%) |55(6. 66%) |825 | Chi-square observed value = 52. 63 Degree of freedom = 12 Level of significance = 0. 05 Critical Value = 21. 03 The result revealed that the observed value (52. 63) is greater than the crit ical table value (21. 03) given 12 degree of freedom at 0. 5 level of significance. The result is therefore significant, thus giving a basis for rejection of the null hypothesis. It can then be inferred that higher education has significant influence on the exposure of youth to talent discovery. Hypothesis 2 Higher education will have no significant influence on the physical and intellectual development of the youth. To test this hypothesis, the chi-square statistical tool was employed and tested at 0. 05 level of significance. The results are presented in table 3 below. Table 3: Higher education, Physical and Intellectual Development S/N |Items |Always |Often |Sometimes |Never |Total | | |6 |120(36. 36%) |110(33. 33%) |90(27. 27%) |10(3. 03%) |330 | | |7 |110(33. 33%) |120(36. 36%) |80(24. 24%) |20(6. 06%) |330 | | |8 |170(51. 51%) |100(30. 30%) |50(15. 15%) |10(3. 03%) |330 | | |9 |170(51. 1%) |80(24. 24%) |40(12. 12%) |40(12. 12%) |330 | | |10 |180(54. 54%) |70(21. 21%) |70(21. 2 1%) |10(3. 03%) |330 | | |Column Total |750 |480 |330 |90 |1650 | | |Average Total |375(45. 45%) |240(29. 09%) |165(20%) |45(5. 45%) |825 | From the responses of the participants in the table, it is realized that the observed chi-square (49. 6) is greater than the critical value (21. 03) at 12 degree of freedom and at 0. 05 level of significance. The result is therefore significant, thus higher education will have significant influence on physical and intellectual development of the youth. Hypothesis 3 Higher education will make significant provision of resources and materials for youths’ adequate living. To test this hypothesis, the chi-square statistical tool was employed and tested at 0. 05 level of significance. The results are presented in table 4 below. Table 4: Higher Education and Youth Adequate Living. S/N |Items |Always |Often |Sometimes |Never |Total | | |11 |70(21. 21%) |80(24. 24%) |150(45. 45%) |30(9. 09%) |330 | | |12 |110(33. 33%) |110(33. 33%) |110(33. 33%) | 20(6. 06%) |330 | | |13 |190(57. 57%) |20(6. 06%) |20(6. 06%) |- |330 | | |14 |190(57. 57%) |30(9. 09%) |30(9. 9%) |10(3. 03%) |330 | | |15 |150(45. 45%) |120(36. 36%) |60(18. 18%) |30(9. 09%) |330 | | |Column Total |710 |510 |370 |60 |1650 | | |Average Total |355(43. 03%) |255(30. 90%) |185(22. 42%) |30(3. 63%) |825 | Chi-square observed = 195. 41 Degree of freedom = 12 Significance level = 0. 05 Critical value = 21. 03The table above reflects that the chi-square calculated (195. 41) exceed the critical value (21. 03) at 12 degree of freedom and 0. 05 level of significance. Thus higher education provides resources and materials for youths adequate living. Results and Discussion Analysis revealed that the study population consisted of 330 participants, 210(63. 63%) were males and 120 (36. 365) females whose age ranges from 15 to 30 years. 300(90. 90%) were single and 30 (9. 09%) were married. 40 (12. 12%) were in diploma 1, 10 (3. 03%) in diploma 2, 90 (27. 27%) in 100 level, 40 (12 . 12%) in 200 level and 150 (45. 45%) in 300 level respectively.Table shows the item-by-item analysis of the perception of the youth towards the potency indices of higher education concerning poverty reduction. Majority of the youth (60. 60%) who participated in the study were of the opinion that university environment enables the youth to discover their talents and higher education poses challenges that enables intellectual development in the youth. 57. 57% of the respondents were in tune with the fact that higher education inculcates good leadership skills in the youth, apart from certification, being in the university environment gives them self esteem among their contemporaries in the western world.Also 51. 51% of the respondents who are in the majority opined that they gain social ethics through positive interaction with their peers while in the university. University environment provides the youth with the mindset for creative ideas and talents developed in the university prep are them to render payable service (income generation). 48. 48% of the participants who were in the majority believed that higher education facilitates the development of youths’ mind, 45. 45% were in tune with the fact that higher education make the youth realize the relevance of their academic inclination (discipline) outside their myopic perception.Majority of the respondents (54. 54%) admit that university education inculcates technological ideas that can facilitate product development. However, 45. 45% of the respondents felt that youth only sometimes get employment with industries related to their discipline before graduation, but 21. 21% and 24. 24% of them believe that youth with university experience are always able to sustain themselves in the face of job scarcity, equal percentage the participants contends that it happens only sometimes. The findings in this study showed that: †¢ Higher education is significant in exposing the youth to talent iscovery. †¢ Higher education has significant influence on physical and intellectual development of the youth. †¢ Higher education makes significant provision of resources and materials for youths’ adequate living. The significance of higher education in exposing the youth to talent discovery is corroborated by UNESCO policy 1997, which stipulates that basic education for all should incorporate: literacy, income generation, health care, child care family planning, food management, union education, labour laws, civil and voting rights, peace education, environmental management, HIV/AIDS and drug awareness.Also the finding relating to higher education having significant influence on physical and intellectual development of youth, is justified by Subar and Ashiru 2007, they opined that the students (youth) are the core input into our educational institutions and the quality of the output (students) depends largely on the provision of infrastructures capable of directly or indirectly su pporting, facilitating, influencing and encouraging the development of their potentials.Therefore, the knowledge, skills, competences and attitudes students (youth) acquire for life can make them fit into the cultural, social, economic and political contexts of the society in which they live, and to work and employment.The finding that education makes significant provision of resources and materials for youth’s adequate living, emanates from the fact that youth get employment with industries related to their discipline even before graduation, youths with university experience are mostly able to sustain themselves in the face of job scarcity, apart from certification, being in the university environment gives the youth self esteem among their peers, higher education positions youth for global alignment with their contemporaries in the western world and education makes the youth realize the relevance of the relevance of their academic inclination (discipline) utside their myopi c perception. Conclusion ? From the foregoing, it is permissible to justify the above stated with the statement of the National Association of Colleges and Employers, â€Å"there have been steady increases in college job placement†. This means that not only are college graduates more likely to find good jobs, but they progress after college.Ashiru and Owodiong 2008 declared that the absolute position of the university graduate is declining as more educated workers are displacing less educated workers in the same job, this shows that the Nigerian youth should advance academically, this challenge to the youth is evidenced by the continuous increases in entry point requirement for jobs, for instance a degree certificate is required to teach in a secondary school, while doctoral degree is required to lecture in the university. The dawn of the 21st century has brought profound and fundamental changes to economics, technology, politics, culture, morals, social values and ethics thr ough globalization. This globalization has induced the collapse of time and space; it has also expanded opportunities and challenges for the individual and for the nations and has sidelined the weak and the unprepared. Recommendations Government and university authorities should ensure that university programmes and labour market are not at variance on the issue of relevance, utilitarian criteria based on prospects of income generation should be uppermost in the programmmes provided by the universities. ? Universities must have an organic linkage with the industrial and economic environment to contribute to economic growth. ? Acquisition of higher education should be encouraged among the youth, through scholarship awards for those who lack the resources in continuing heir education. ? Government should encourage enrollment expansion in tertiary institutions, which will avail more people the opportunity to higher education, hence empowerment through skill acquisition and enhanced int ellectuality and human capital development that will necessitate innovative ideas for job creation, employment and economic advancement. ? University authorities should integrate entrepreneurial skills into academic programmes of students for rounded preparation for the world of work. Entrepreneurial Development Programme (EDP) should be provided in all faculties to enable undergraduates develop and market products and services relevant to their areas of study. REFERENCES Anya, A. O. (2002), â€Å"Science, Oil and the Future of Nigeria Economy†, The Guardian (Lagos), Wednesday, March 13, p. 16. Ashiru, A. O. and Owodiong-Idemeko, N. L. (2008). Higher Education and the Millennium Development Goals. Lagos: Unpublished M. Ed. Thesis. Braun, J. V. ,Teklu, T. and Webb P. (1999). 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